Leadership and Communication Essay - 1100 Words

Leadership and Communication (Essay Sample) Content: Leadership and ManagementName:Instructor: Leadership is the process by which a person takes the initiative of influencing others in order to achieve the set objectives. Leadership is meant to give direction so that the organization becomes more coherent as well as cohesive. Leadership requires special dedication and devotion to give direction to others. Some scholars associate leadership with ones ability. It means that leadership requires special skills that only selected people can have (Wise et al. 2010, p.321). The selectivity is justified by subjecting leaders to voting or intensive interview to determine if one has the required skills. A managers ability to combine the leadership functions for maximum realization of results is the framework of an organizations success.As a leader one needs to be certain of what one can do, knows, or understand. It is notable that the success of a leader is determined by the followers whom the leader influences. If the subjects l ack trust and confidence in the leader, it becomes a challenge on the part of the organization because the members do not get inspired (Sadler 2003, p. 45). Therefore, leaders have to convince their subjects of their success but not their superiors or themselves. Different people require different types of leadership due to difference in handling that is required. Take a comparison between a fresh worker and an experienced worker. A fresh worker from college requires special training and supervision. The special handling is to acquit the new worker with the special skills required in the organization (Schemerhom 2002, p. 256). Close supervision is also necessary to prevent any damages that might be caused by the new worker in the process of orientation. On the other hand, an experienced employee does not need to be given strict technical leadership because they are well skilled through the experience. For that reason, the organization structure should incorporate leadership position s in the structure in consideration of the style of leadership that is required to manage a given group of people. The manager should have a proper understanding of his subjects. The understanding should be done in the perspective of emotions, motivation, and needs. Top management specifically requires general management skills. In technical leadership, one has to have the skills in the given technical field apart from general managerial skills.Communication is a critical determinant in a successfully lead organization. Communication is the passing of an intended message from one person to another. An effective leadership should accommodate two way communications. The first way of communication is done when giving direction on what needs to be done. This is called top-down communication. A good manager should adopt an appropriate mechanism for delivering their authority. The other type of the two way communication is down-top communication. This happens when junior employees or sub jects are submitting to their superiors. It is also used by junior employees to pass complaints to their leaders in anticipation for rectification. Some leaders rule with an iron hand, they do not accommodate down-top communication. Such leaders do not require the views of their subordinates in decision making. Consequently, the situation becomes a poor working environment resulting to poor performance of the organization. A good manager should get the views of all members before making a rule on a particular decision (Sadler 2003, p. 234). Many third world countries are victims of poor communication. The presidents are dictators and make decisions that do not favor the majority. They ensure that the decisions of the citizens are not put into action. As result, only a minority of the subjects gain from the policies implemented at the expense of the whole country. This has made the countries wallow in poor economy despite the concern of international organizations to save the situati on. To make it worse, such government restricts the involvement of the international community in their affairs.Another factor in a leadership model is situation. Situations that occur when delivering authority differ. What one does in one situation might never work in another situation. Take an example of confronting an employee for inappropriate behavior (Wise et al. 2010, p. 134). The confrontation should be done in a tactical manner. It should not be too early or too late neither should it be too harsh or too weak. If it is not done in the most appropriate manner, the results might not be desirable. Situations also differ in urgency. There are situations which require instant actions while others require well calculated, timed, and analyzed response. There are forces that affect the factors of leadership that we have discussed above. The first one is the relationship with a leaders seniors. An effective relationship between leaders and their seniors result to confidence on the p art of the leader (Schemerhom 2002, p. 156). Another force is the skills of the followers. Less skilled and less intelligent subjects require a more perfect combination of tools of authority. Also, the formality of other leaders in the organization determines success of managerial policies. This is because presence of informal leaders in an organization affects the spirit of dedication among the leaders. Lastly, the design of the organization structure affects the flow o authority from leaders to their subjects. In as much as leadership and management have great mission in common, they always ...

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830

By definition, an electric vehicle, or EV, will use an electric motor for propulsion rather than a gasoline-powered motor. Besides the electric car, there are bikes, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains that have all been powered by electricity. Beginnings Who invented the very first EV is uncertain, as several inventors have been given credit. In 1828, Hungarian à nyos Jedlik invented a small-scale model car powered by an electric motor that he designed. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric-powered carriage. In 1835, another small-scale electric car was designed by Professor Stratingh of Groningen, Holland, and built by his assistant Christopher Becker. In 1835, Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Brandon, Vermont, built a small-scale electric car. Davenport was also the inventor of the first American-built DC electric motor. Better Batteries More practical and more successful electric road vehicles were invented by both Thomas Davenport and Scotsman Robert Davidson around 1842. Both inventors were the first to use the newly-invented, non-rechargeable electric cells (or batteries). Frenchman Gaston Plante invented a better storage battery in 1865 and his fellow countrymen Camille Faure further improved the storage battery in 1881. Better-capacity storage batteries were needed for electric vehicles to become practical. American Designs In the late 1800s, France and Great Britain were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles. In 1899, a Belgian-built electric racing car called La Jamais Contente set a world record for land speed of 68 mph. It was designed by Camille Jà ©natzy. It was not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to electric vehicles after an electric tricycle was built by A. L. Ryker and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon, both in 1891. Many innovations followed, and interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In fact, William Morrisons design, which had room for passengers, is often considered the first real and practical EV. In 1897, the first commercial EV application was established: a fleet of New York City taxis built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon Company of Philadelphia. Increased Popularity By the turn of the century, America was prosperous. Cars, now available in steam, electric, or gasoline versions, were becoming more popular. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America,  as they outsold all other types of cars. One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. Later in 1916, Woods invented a hybrid car that had both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline-powered cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving. Electric vehicles did not require gear changes. While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water, compared to an electric cars range on a single charge. The only good roads of the period were in town, which meant that most commutes were local, a perfect situation for electric vehicles since their range was limited. The electric vehicle was the preferred choice of many because it did not require manual effort to start, as with the hand crank on gasoline vehicles,  and there was no wrestling with a gear shifter. While basic electric cars cost under $1,000, most early electric vehicles were ornate, massive carriages designed for the upper class. They had fancy interiors made with expensive materials and averaged $3,000 by 1910. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s, with production peaking in 1912. Electric Cars Almost Become Extinct For the following reasons, the electric car declined in popularity. It was several decades before there was a renewed interest in these vehicles. By the 1920s, America had a better system of roads that connected cities, bringing with it the need for longer-range vehicles.The discovery of Texas crude oil reduced the price of gasoline so that it was affordable to the average consumer.The invention of the electric starter by  Charles Kettering  in 1912 eliminated the need for the hand crank.The initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by  Henry Ford  made these vehicles widely available and affordable, in the $500 to $1,000 price range. By contrast, the price of the less efficiently-produced electric vehicles continued to rise. In 1912, an electric roadster sold for $1,750, while a gasoline car sold for $650. Electric vehicles had all but disappeared by 1935. The years following until the 1960s were dead years for electric vehicle development and for their use as personal transportation. The Return The  60s  and  70s  saw a need for  alternative-fueled  vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles occurred after 1960. Battronic Truck Company In the early 60s, the Boyertown Auto Body Works jointly formed the Battronic Truck Company with Smith Delivery Vehicles, Ltd., of England and the Exide Division of the Electric Battery Company. The first Battronic electric truck was delivered to the Potomac Edison Company in 1964. This truck was capable of speeds of 25 mph, a range of 62 miles and a payload of 2,500 pounds. Battronic worked with General Electric from 1973 to 1983 to produce 175 utility vans for use in the utility industry and to demonstrate the capabilities of battery-powered vehicles. Battronic also developed and produced about 20 passenger buses in the mid-1970s. CitiCars and Elcar Two companies were leaders in electric car production during this time. Sebring-Vanguard produced over 2,000 CitiCars. These cars had a top speed of 44 mph, a normal cruise speed of 38 mph and a range of 50 to 60 miles. The other company was Elcar Corporation, which produced the Elcar. The Elcar had a top speed of 45 mph, a range of 60 miles and cost between $4,000 and $4,500. United States Postal Service In 1975, the United States Postal Service purchased 350 electric delivery jeeps from the American Motor Company to be used in a test program. These jeeps had a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 40 miles at a speed of 40 mph. Heating and defrosting were accomplished with a gas heater and the recharge time was ten hours.

Gender Bias in Othello Essay examples - 1880 Words

Gender Bias in Othello Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello is an unfortunate example of gender bias, of sexism which takes advantage of women. The three women characters in the drama are all, in their own ways, victims of men’s skewed attitudes regarding women. Let us delve into this topic in this essay. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine comment in the Introduction to Shakespeare: Othello that sexism is a big factor in the play: At this point in our civilization the play’s fascination and its horror may be greater than ever before because we have been made so very sensitive to the issues of race, class, and gender that are woven into the texture of Othello. [. . .] The issue of gender is especially†¦show more content†¦Roderigo even calls Desdemona’s action a â€Å"revolt† against paternal authority: â€Å"Your daughter, if you have not given her leave, / I say again, hath made a gross revolt [. . .] .† Upon verifying the absence of his daughter from the home, Brabantio exhorts all fathers to â€Å"trust not† their daughters, indicating an alleged predisposition among young ladies to rebel against authority: O heaven! How got she out? O treason of the blood! Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters minds By what you see them act. (1.1) Othello, the general and protagonist, seems initially to be totally lacking in sexism. He loves Desdemona as an equal and accepts her with no preconditions: As this that I have reachd: for know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona, I would not my unhoused free condition Put into circumscription and confine For the seas worth. (1.2) With the Turkish campaign against Cyprus in motion, the Duke of Venice scarcely has time for Brabantio’s protestations. And the First Senator encourages the newly married general: â€Å"Adieu, brave Moor, use Desdemona well.† The word use conveys the sexist belief of the husband’s ownership of the wife. Later, when Roderigo confesses to Iago his depression and suicidal feelings over the loss of Desdemona, the ancient seeks to keep him alive by saying that Othello will soonShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Tess Of The D And All My Sons And Othello 3476 Words   |  14 Pagesand ‘Othello’? In some relationships a woman can be so devoted towards their true love despite receiving unequal love in return; jealousy can cause a person to be so inconsiderate about their lover’s feelings which can result to the destruction of their relationship. 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Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health free essay sample

Define the large city. (land area, population and density) some examples of disease caused by pollution in such cities like pulmonary disease. Thesis: This essay aims to discuss three kind of pollution in large cities affect human health. Air, water and land pollution. Main Body: Paragraph 1: TS: The general air pollution such as particulate matter is what large cities cannot avoid neither and can lead to respiratory infection, chornic obstructive pulmonary disease and even blindness. Air pollution is divided into outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. ?Urban air pollutant(natural origin)tuberculosis, asthma in children ? Indoor environmental tobacco smoke(compared with village homes) Fail to confirm chemicals in biomass smoke(lung) cancer But cooking(may)lung cancer in women Paragraph 2: TS: Recreational waters in large cities also have the risk of causing diseases. Recreational waters generally contain a mixture of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms(sewage effluents, livestock, industrial processes, farming activities, domestic animals and wildlife) and free-living pathogenic microorganisms. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page infection of upper respiratory tract, ears, eyes, nasal cavity and skin. Paragraph 3: TS: Land pollution contains Solid wastes and Toxic wastes which are the main cause of deadly disease. And this two wastes can also influence the quality of the water. nutrient enrichment) Owing to the great growth of economy, the living level of people has risen and the population in large city is enlarged. This also means enormous stress for land using. People are exposed to relatively large amounts of pesticides, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals, with uncertain health effects. Conclusion: Air pollution, water pollution and land pollution effect human health though respiratory disease, skin disease and industrial processes. Reference: Hester , R. E. and Harrison, R. M. eds)(1998) Air Pollution and Health. Cambridge: The royal society of chemistry McGranahan, G. and Murray, F. (eds)(2003) Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries.